Peace, Justice, and Human Rights

Department Website:
https://www.haverford.edu/pjhr

The Interdisciplinary Concentration in Peace, Justice and Human Rights offers students the opportunity to study the history, philosophy and critiques of the rights tradition, examine themes of human rights and justice in their local and international contexts, and apply philosophical, social scientific, and ethical reasoning to real-world problems.

The program helps students gain insight not only into a wide range of issues affecting justice and peace but also helps students develop an aptitude for communicating and collaborating with peers—and audiences in the wider world—whose disciplinary language, values, and methodological concerns may differ from their own.

The concentration is open to students in any major who wish to focus on topics such as: individual and state responsibility/accountability; recovery from conflict, mass violence, and longstanding oppression (reconciliation, restorative and retributive justice approaches, reparations, etc); justice, health, climate change, and the environment; transformative justice; mutual aid; theories and practices of decolonization; forgiveness and its refusal; theories and practices of activism, organizing, and social change; identifying and overcoming racism, sexism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, poverty, oppression, and other modes of exclusion and violence; anarchism; war, conflict, peace-keeping and peace-making; just war theory; international law and human rights; animal ethics; globalization and global governance (sovereignty, trade and capital, technology, economic institutions, multilateral organizations, international courts, the media, immigration); worldbuilding; space and the built environment (social justice and the building of urban spaces, policing urban areas, abolition, urban poor); institutional and non-institutional approaches to recovery and change; uses and critiques of the rights tradition; and so on—any theme related to justice. These fields are not intended as tracks or limitations. The list of topics will be as long as the creativity of students and faculty will allow.

 

Learning Goals

Students who complete the Interdisciplinary Concentration in Peace, Justice and Human Rights will possess:

  • knowledge of the various schools of thought and modes of practice of peace, justice and human rights.
  • familiarity with diverse approaches to conflict and peace.
  • fluency with various schools of ethical and legal thought.
  • understanding of the complexity of international and domestic issues of peace, justice and human rights.
  • confidence in the ability to understand and analyze philosophical and practical problems, and come up with creative solutions to these problems.
  • good oral and written communication skills, gained through discussion of ideas, the practice of writing, and the practices of speaking and teaching, commenting on the work of peers, and revision of work over time.
  • a working sense of the ways in which theory and practice are different but inseparable.
  • ability to formulate and advance original arguments about issues of peace, justice and human rights.
  • sensitivity to the different factors affecting reception of arguments about divisive or emergent issues.
  • experience with field methods, archival research, practical internships or other work or study outside of the traditional classroom setting.
  • insight into what interdisciplinary study entails and how it complements or augments work within the disciplines, including a sense of the differing methodological approaches: historical/archival, philosophical, legal, ethnographic, institutional, textual.
  • aptitude for communicating and collaborating with peers—and audiences in the wider world—whose disciplinary language, values and methodological concerns differ.
  • humility with regard to the complexity of conflict and its resolution.

Haverford’s Institutional Learning Goals are available on the President’s website, at http://hav.to/learninggoals.

Concentration Requirements

The concentration combines three core courses with three elective courses focused on a particular theoretical problem, geographical region, or comparative study. Ideally, students meet with the director in the spring of their sophomore year to work out a plan for the concentration.

Core Courses

We require all concentrators to take three core courses:

Alternate courses may on occasion fulfill a core requirement.

 

Electives

We require students to take three additional elective courses for the concentration.There is no set list of courses, which “count” as electives; instead, we ask students to design a thoughtful focus for their work, and choose courses in consultation with the concentration director, working out a plan that focuses the concentration regionally, conceptually, or around a particular substantive problem. A course does not have to have “peace” or “justice” in its title or content to count toward the concentration. The aim is to articulate a focus that helps each student pursue their interests in PJHR.

The concentration may overlap with students’ majors by one or two courses—any course could potentially count toward two programs. (For instance, for political science majors with a concentration in PJHR and a focus on questions of sovereignty, POLS H266 could fill requirements in both political science and PJHR.) Such overlap is a possibility, not a requirement. Each student works out a plan of study appropriate to their focus with the concentration director. No more than two of the six credits for the concentration may come from institutions outside of the Bi-Co, and all credits from outside of the Bi-Co should be proposed to the director for approval.

Senior Project

All PJHR seniors will take a capstone course in the fall of their senior year that will help concentrators integrate scholarship, theory, library and field research, and policy perspectives, and communicate about the work they are doing in their majors with students from other disciplines. The capstone incorporates discussion, research assignments, collaboration, a student-organized conference, and a dossier of student work in the concentration. Note: Work for the thesis in each student’s major may overlap with work for the concentration but need not.

Senior Project Learning Goals

The aim of the capstone is to consolidate student experience of a program that integrates scholarship, theory, policy perspectives, and library, field and lab research. Students are encouraged to look critically at their own social justice philosophies and disciplinary methods, and reflect on how practice and theory are, at the same time, challenges to each other and yet not strictly separable. The capstone is also a site at which collaborative work across the disciplines may help students begin to envision innovative new solutions to entrenched problems. At the very least, students will learn how to communicate meaningfully about their work to other students who may not share disciplinary methodologies or assumptions. The goal is for students to connect this form of communication with a kind of ethical leadership and/or engagement that relies as much on productive listening as it does on speech or action.

To that end, during the course of the seminar, students engage in conversation around a theme and shared readings across disciplinary differences; engage in the work of teaching each other how the methodologies of their different disciplines formulate and answer important questions (through the presentation of articles in their field and of their own work); propose a research paper or collaborative project related to the work of their major, and work on drafting a version of it suitable for an interdisciplinary audience; collaborate on planning an end-of-semester conference showcasing their work; present their work-in-progress at the conference; and engage other students’ work in ways both formal (serving as discussants on other students’ papers) and informal (responding to presentations and posing or answering questions about them).

Concentrations & Interdisciplinary Minors

The PJHR concentration contributes to many programs on campus, including the following two minors:

  • Environmental Studies: The Environmental Studies Minor aims to cultivate in students the capacity to identify and confront key environmental issues through a blend of multiple disciplines, encompassing historical, cultural, economic, political, scientific and ethical modes of inquiry.
  • Health Studies: The goal of the Health Studies Minor is to give greater context to the issues facing health professionals on local, national, and global scales. The structure of this program is intentionally multidisciplinary, bringing scientists together with social science and humanities professors to guide students through the political, cultural and ethical questions that relate to health issues worldwide.

Internship or Research Experience

The program encourages students to take advantage of the many opportunities for enriching their academic work through independent research and/or internships, in both domestic and international settings. This will help students face the challenges of integrating data and theory into original analyses. Possibilities include traditional social science fieldwork, archival research in the humanities, guided research in the sciences, advanced work in applied ethics backed by research, and so on. Haverford students may seek support through Haverford’s Center for Peace and Global Citizenship (CPGC), from the John B. Hurford ‘60 Center for the Arts and Humanities, or the Koshland Integrated Natural Sciences Center (KINSC).

Examples of recent CPGC-funded projects include: an internship with the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom; a humanitarian relief project in Panabaj, Guatemala following civil war and a devastating mudslide; research into the struggles of Philadelphia refugees from conflict zones; a summer internship at a school for street children in Indonesia; internships at Voice of Witness in San Francisco; and participation in the World Social Forum in Venezuela.

Faculty

Below are the core Peace, Justice, and Human Rights faculty. Many other faculty contribute courses to the program; see the Courses section for a full listing.

Core Faculty

Shannan Hayes
Visiting Assistant Professor of the Writing Program

Dennis Hogan
Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow in the John B. Hurford '60 Center for the Arts and Humanities and Visiting Assistant Professor of Peace, Justice and Human Rights

Shannon Mudd
Director of Microfinance, Impact Investing, and Social Entrepreneurial Programs; Assistant Professor of Economics; Coordinator of Mathematical Economics

Prea Persaud Khanna
Visiting Instructor of Peace, Justice and Human Rights

Joshua Ramey
Visiting Assistant Professor of Peace, Justice, and Human Rights

Jill Stauffer
Associate Professor and Director of Peace, Justice, and Human Rights

Courses

Anthropology Courses

ANTH H222  HUMAN RIGHTS AND CULTURE  (1.0 Credit)

Zeynep Sertbulut

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course offers an overview of the human rights system, looking at its basic elements and studying how it works. At the heart of this course is the question of “culture” and its relation to human rights. We will focus on the tensions and translations between human rights and culture and between global ideas and practices and local ones. The goal of the course is developing an understanding of human rights in practice and theorizing the intersections between social fields thought of as global and local. Crosslisted: Anthropology; Peace, Justice and Human Rights Prerequisite(s): Intro to Anthropology OR Intro to PJHR

(Offered: Spring 2024)

ANTH H239  VISIONS OF JUSTICE: INTERSECTIONALITY AND LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ASIAN CINEMA  (1.0 Credit)

Emily Hong

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course aims to deepen our understanding of Asian law and society through independent films by Asian directors. We will analyze films that offer a window into individual and collective struggles for gender justice, freedom of expression, and environmental justice. Crosslisted: Visual Studies; Anthropology; East Asian Languages & Cultures; Peace, Justice and Human Rights

(Offered: Spring 2024)

ANTH H269  DISASTER: DISCOURSES OF INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION  (1.0 Credit)

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This class offers students an opportunity to develop a broad vocabulary of international policy 'buzz words', while also honing critical inquiry and discourse analysis skills around international solidarity and the imaginaries of human suffering that underlie moral imperatives to international action. Crosslisted: Anthropology; Peace, justice, and Human Rights Prerequisite(s): PEAC H101, PEAC H201 or instructor's approval

ANTH H274  PRISON ABOLITION: HISTORY, THEORY, & PRACTICE  (1.0 Credit)

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

In this course, students will engage with the contemporary prison abolition movement as both a vision for the future and a concrete set of strategies to create safety and undo incarceration in the present. Pre-requisite(s): One introductory level course in Anthropology.

ANTH H326  WHITENESS IN ANTHROPOLOGY  (1.0 Credit)

Staff

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

The violence of whiteness is occluded and concealed by treating whiteness and white people as normative, rational, and inevitable. In this class, we will turn our analytic gaze upon whiteness itself, exposing its insidious modes of self-and-other construction, and destabilizing its ocular power to define others. We will pay special attention to how the white, “colonial gaze” has operated in the purportedly-liberal discipline of anthropology, and explore ethnographic methods for studying whiteness and white supremacy. Pre-requisite(s): Two prior courses in Anthropology, or permission of the instructor.

ANTH H328  THE FIGHT AGAINST IMPUNITY: THE TURN TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS  (1.0 Credit)

Staff

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course traces the conceptual shift or ‘turn’ towards individual criminal prosecutions for grave violations of human rights and humanitarian principles, the related conceptual shifts (from responsibility to individual accountability or from human rights reporting to evidence collection) and the international, national and regional organizations that are part of this turn. This is an interdisciplinary course offering students an introduction to the field of international criminal justice. Through a series of weekly ‘dossiers’, with readings drawn from a wide range of sources including academic literature, NGO reports, blog posts, Twitter threads and case law, we will explore the emergence of international criminal justice as a distinct field of practice and seek to uncover the underlying assumptions and principles that inform the field. This course will offer an introduction to international criminal law as a legal framework. At the same time, we will work to situate this legal framework within broader, interdisciplinary conversations and current affairs: justice and social repair, humanitarianism, the role of non-state actors and civil society, international development, the influence of technology and social media, etc. Crosslisted: Peace, Justice and Human Rights; Anthropology Prerequisite(s): 200 level course in PJHR, ANTH or POLS, or consent of instructor

Comparative Literature Courses

COML H244  OUR AMERICAS: IMAGINING THE HEMISPHERE  (1.0 Credit)

Dennis Hogan

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course focuses on theorists of culture and society across the Americas, as well as major genres of nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, considering interventions from Caribbean, Latin American, and North American figures. Reading novels, memoir, travel writing and poetry, we’ll theorize the structures of hemispheric life: how did race and the color line, slavery and the plantation, settler colonialism, labor and migration, travel and transit, and war and imperialism create a shared hemispheric history? Crosslisted: PEAC,COML Pre-requisite(s): One course involving literary analysis.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

COML H322  POLITICS OF MEMORY IN LATIN AMERICA  (1.0 Credit)

Aurelia Gómez De Unamuno

Division: Humanities

This course explores the issue of memory, the narration of political violence and the tension between truth and fiction. A selection of documents, visual archives and documentary films are compared with literary genres including testimonies memories, diaries, poetry, and fiction writing. This course also compares the coup and dictatorship of Pinochet with the repression of the student movement of ‘68 and the guerrilla warfare in Mexico. This course is conducted in Spanish. Cross-listed: Spanish, Comparative Literature, PJHR

(Offered: Spring 2024)

East Asian Languages and Cultures Courses

EALC H239  VISIONS OF JUSTICE: INTERSECTIONALITY AND LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ASIAN CINEMA  (1.0 Credit)

Emily Hong

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course aims to deepen our understanding of Asian law and society through independent films by Asian directors. We will analyze films that offer a window into individual and collective struggles for gender justice, freedom of expression, and environmental justice. Crosslisted: Visual Studies; Anthropology; East Asian Languages & Cultures; Peace, Justice and Human Rights

(Offered: Spring 2024)

Economics Courses

ECON H298  IMPACT INVESTING  (1.0 Credit)

Shannon Mudd

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

Impact investing is investing to generate both a financial return and a positive social benefit. It supports firms seeking to address social, environmental and /or governance problems (ESG) in a sustainable way often within market activity. The focus of this course is to not only gain an understanding of the theory and practice of impact investing across its many components, but also to gain practical experience by assessing a particular set of potential impact investments, making formal presentations of findings to an investment committee leading to a recommendation for investment to a partnering foundation. Crosslisted: Economics, Independent College Programs, PJHR Prerequisite(s): ECON 104 or 105 or 106

(Offered: Fall 2023)

Education Courses

EDUC H275  EMERGENT MULTILINGUAL LEARNERS IN U.S. SCHOOLS  (1.0 Credit)

Kelly Zuckerman

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course focuses on educational policies and practices related to language minority students in the U. S. We examine English learners’ diverse experiences, educators’ approaches to working with linguistically diverse students, programs that address their strengths and needs, links between schools and communities, and issues of policy and advocacy. Fieldwork required. Prerequisite(s): EDUC 200 or instructor consent Lottery Preference(s): 1. EDUC majors and Certification students; 2. EDUC minors; 3. then by seniority

(Offered: Fall 2023)

English Courses

ENGL H230  POETICS OF ABOLITION  (1.0 Credit)

Lindsay Reckson

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course explores the role of poetry and other forms of creative expression in the history of prison abolition and related social justice movements. Focusing on incarcerated writers and artists who theorize life worlds in and beyond racial capitalism and the carceral state, the course approaches art-making as a practice of imagining abolitionist futures. Pre-requisite(s): First year writing seminar Lottery Preference: English majors and PJHR concentrators.

(Offered: Spring 2024)

ENGL H309  AGAINST DEATH: OPPOSING CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE  (1.0 Credit)

Lindsay Reckson

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

Advanced inquiry into creative and critical responses to the death penalty in the United States from the 1830s to the 1970s. Our aim is to explore the relationship between art and social protest, and to examine how capital punishment has manifested U.S. histories of race, class, gender, religion, and sexuality. Readings in primary historical materials, literary and cultural analysis, and critical theory. Pre-requisite(s): Freshman writing, plus one 200-level ENG course; or freshman writing plus PEAC101 or PEAC201. Crosslisted: ENGL and PEAC

History Courses

HIST H310  POLITICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF RACE AND THE BODY  (1.0 Credit)

Andrew Friedman

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

This course examines the technologies, ideologies, and material strategies that have created and specified human beings as racialized and gendered subjects in the U.S. Readings cover biopolitics, disability studies, material culture, histories of disease, medicine, violence and industrialization. In our discussions and research, we will aim to decode the production of "reality" at its most basic and molecular level. Crosslisted: History, Health Studies

Health Studies Courses

HLTH H302  CARE AND SOCIAL ACTION IN CONTEXTS OF INEQUALITY  (1.0 Credit)

Carol Schilling

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course brings together questions and texts about social justice, health, and social action, especially during health emergencies. The course integrates the humanities and social medicine through cross-disciplinary readings about witnessing and representing inequalities, cultural conceptions of health, structural determinants of health, and models of care. Will also draw on students’ own experiences giving and receiving care, on historical and current examples of care, and on literary and visual representations of caregiving.

HLTH H309  TRAUMA, HISTORICAL MEMORY, AND EMBODIMENT  (1.0 Credit)

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

Historical memories of mass atrocity shape trauma and bodily experiences of present-day generations. This course is based on “hauntology,” the study of traumatic historical memories which affect contemporary psychological and political processes, with readings from anthropology, history, philosophy, psychoanalysis and sociology. Crosslisted: Health Studies, Anthropology Prerequisite(s): HLTH 115 OR a 200-level anthropology or history class OR permission of instructor

HLTH H310  POLITICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF RACE AND THE BODY  (1.0 Credit)

Andrew Friedman

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

This course examines the technologies, ideologies, and material strategies that have created and specified human beings as racialized and gendered subjects in the U.S. Readings cover biopolitics, disability studies, material culture, histories of disease, medicine, violence and industrialization. In our discussions and research, we will aim to decode the production of "reality" at its most basic and molecular level. Crosslisted: History, Health Studies

Independent College Programs Courses

ICPR H295  QUAKERS, WAR, AND SLAVERY, 1646-1877  (1.0 Credit)

David Harrington Watt

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

In the 1640s and 50s, many Quakers believed that Christians should fight in wars; none of them (as far as we know) believed that Christians ought not own slaves. By 1723, most Quakers had renounced war; a good many of them had begun to assert that owning slaves was contrary to the will of God. Students in this course will try to determine how—and also why—Quakers changed their minds about war and slavery. Crosslisted: Independent College Programs; Peace, Justice and Human Rights; Religion Prerequisite(s): First Year Writing

(Offered: Spring 2024)

ICPR H298  IMPACT INVESTING  (1.0 Credit)

Shannon Mudd

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

Impact investing is investing to generate both a financial return and a positive social benefit. It supports firms seeking to address social, environmental and /or governance problems (ESG) in a sustainable way often within market activity. The focus of this course is to not only gain an understanding of the theory and practice of impact investing across its many components, but also to gain practical experience by assessing a particular set of potential impact investments, making formal presentations of findings to an investment committee leading to a recommendation for investment to a partnering foundation. Crosslisted: Economics, Independent College Programs, PJHR Prerequisite(s): ECON 104 or 105 or 106

(Offered: Fall 2023)

ICPR H301  DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND TRANSNATIONAL INJUSTICES  (1.0 Credit)

Thomas Donahue

Division: Social Justice; Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

What are the worldwide obstacles to peace and justice? How can we surmount them? This course examines theories of some of the leading obstacles to peace and justice worldwide, and of what global citizens can do about them. The three obstacles we consider are colonialism and its legacies, whether we live in a global racial order, and whether the global economic order harms the poor and does them a kind of violence. The two solutions we will consider are the project of economic and social development, and the practice of human rights. The course aims, first, to give students some of the knowledge they will need to address these problems and be effective global citizens. Second, to understand some of the major forces that shape the present world order. Third and finally, to hone the skills in analysis, theory-building, and arguing that are highly valued in legal and political advocacy, in public life and the professions, and in graduate school. Crosslisted: Independent College Programs, Political Science

(Offered: Fall 2023)

ICPR H319  HUMAN RIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA AND PENNSYLVANIA–IN NATIONAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT  (1.0 Credit)

Eric Hartman

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course considers human rights as moral aspirations and as interdependent experiences created through civil law, drawing on student internships with social sector organizations in Philadelphia and throughout the United States, to interrogate the relationship between social issues and policy structures. Prerequisite(s): An internship through the Center for Peace and Global Citizenship. Exceptions may be made for students involved in other forms of sustained community engagement and/or activism.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

Peace, Justice and Human Rights Courses

PEAC H101  INTRO TO PEACE, JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS  (1.0 Credit)

Joshua Ramey

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

Introduction to the study of peace, justice and human rights, surveying philosophies of rights and justice; approaches to (and reasons for) peace, war, and nonviolence; clashes between human rights and conflict resolution; why study of human rights is necessarily interdisciplinary.

(Offered: Fall 2023, Spring 2024)

PEAC H116  ETHICAL STRUGGLES IN CATASTROPHIC TIMES: QUAKERS’ RESPONSES TO THE HOLOCAUST  (1.0 Credit)

David Harrington Watt

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

In the 1930s and 1940s, Quakers engaged in a number of remarkable—and controversial—activities that were intended to provide assistance to people who were being persecuted by the Nazis. Those actions were criticized by some US citizens (who thought that Quakers were giving unwitting aid to the Nazis) and also derided by Nazis such as Joseph Goebbels (who thought that Quakers were demonstrating a complete lack of awareness about how the world really works.) Nevertheless, Quakers’ actions did end up saving some lives. Students in this course will examine what Quakers accomplished—and failed to accomplish—in the 1930s and 1940s. The course is not designed as a venue in which to decide, once and for all, which of the Quakers’ actions were wise and which were foolish. The course is meant, rather, to offer students an opportunity to reflect on the ethical questions with which Quakers wrestled and an invitation to compare those questions with the ones they face themselves. Crosslisted: Independent College Programs; Religion; Peace, Justice and Human Rights

(Offered: Fall 2023)

PEAC H201  APPLIED ETHICS OF PEACE, JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS  (1.0 Credit)

Jill Stauffer

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

This course surveys major legal and ethical theories with a view to helping students understand arguments about peace, justice and human rights and formulate their own creative approaches to ethical problems. Theories will be applied to concrete problems of justice. No prerequisites.

(Offered: Spring 2024)

PEAC H202  FORGIVENESS, MOURNING, AND MERCY IN LAW AND POLITICS  (1.0 Credit)

Jill Stauffer

Division: Humanities

This course examines the possibilities and limits of forgiveness, apology and mercy in politics, and the role mourning plays in recovery from violence. In our readings we will focus on specific historic and contemporary instances of forgiveness and apology, violence and recovery; but our overall approach to the topic will be philosophical: The course will propose a thought experiment wherein we subject our ideas and presuppositions about what justice is, what it can and cannot be, and what forgiveness is, and what it can and cannot do, to a critical reappraisal. Crosslisted: PJHR, Philosophy Prerequisite(s): PEAC 101 or 201, a Philosophy course, or instructor consent

PEAC H206  MICROFINANCE: THEORY, PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES  (1.0 Credit)

Shannon Mudd

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

An exploration of microfinance as an alternative approach to meeting the financial needs of the poor and, ideally, to assist in their current and future well-being. The course will provide theoretical explanations for its methodology, evaluate empirical research into its impacts and debate important issues in its practice. Prerequisite: None

(Offered: Spring 2024)

PEAC H211  DECOLONIAL THEORY: INDIGENEITY AND REVOLT  (1.0 Credit)

Joshua Ramey

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course is an introduction to “decoloniality,” a mode of critical theory that examines and attempts to systematically undermine the notion that ascendance to power of European modernity (including contemporary American culture) can be understood without a constitutive and ongoing relation to colonial domination. This includes domination on the basis of race, gender, religion, and a variety of other ways that modern systems of rationality, governance, normalcy, order, and accumulation have been constructed through practices of domination and subjugation. The course focuses specifically on the American context, including the interplay between the African continent and North and South America. Key writers from Afro-diasporic, Afro-Caribbean, and indigenous Latin American perspectives will be studied in depth. While introducing students to salient currents in decolonial thought, the course will also examine relations between decolonial and postcolonial thought, as well as between decolonial theory and recent work in feminist and query theory.

(Offered: Spring 2024)

PEAC H214  ETHICS OF WORLDBUILDING: SCIENCE FICTION AND SOCIAL/POLITICAL THEORY  (1.0 Credit)

Jill Stauffer

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course will use science fiction to situate contemporary problems of political life and political theory in new contexts. Our main aim will be to decenter some of our presuppositions about what form political writing, persuasion, and action ought to take. Readings include science fiction, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, political science, neuroscience, poetry, literature, gender studies, Indigenous studies, and Black studies. Assignments include analysis of texts, storytelling, worldbuilding thought experiments, political writing, and visual argument. Pre-requisite(s): PEAC 101 or 201 or consent of instructor Lottery Preference: PJHR concentrators, 7 spaces reserved for first years

(Offered: Fall 2023)

PEAC H215  INDIGENOUS SOVEREIGNTY, INDIGENOUS REFUSAL AND LAND/#LANDBACK  (1.0 Credit)

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

Examine settler colonialism, Indigenous sovereignty, Indigenous refusal, and the processes of land return via engaging with the work of Indigenous scholars, activists and artists. Lottery Preference: PJHR Concentrators, 7 spaces reserved for first years

PEAC H217  CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON COLLEGE  (1.0 Credit)

Dennis Hogan

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

Introductory Course: Critical Perspectives on College What is the university, and how can we measure the distance between its ambitions and its achievements? In this course, we will consider critical accounts of the modern university, ranging from the end of the nineteenth century to today. This course will introduce students to critiques and methodologies employed by scholars offering analysis of the university from perspectives including Black studies, gender studies, ethnic studies, and abolitionist university studies.

(Offered: Spring 2024)

PEAC H222  HUMAN RIGHTS AND CULTURE  (1.0 Credit)

Zeynep Sertbulut

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course offers an overview of the human rights system, looking at its basic elements and studying how it works. At the heart of this course is the question of “culture” and its relation to human rights. We will focus on the tensions and translations between human rights and culture and between global ideas and practices and local ones. The goal of the course is developing an understanding of human rights in practice and theorizing the intersections between social fields thought of as global and local. Crosslisted: Anthropology; Peace, Justice and Human Rights Prerequisite(s): Intro to Anthropology OR Intro to PJHR

(Offered: Spring 2024)

PEAC H228  BREAK EVERY YOKE: INCARCERATION, ABOLITION, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE  (1.0 Credit)

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

Students in this course will be invited to explore the intersection of religion with issues of mass incarceration, prison abolition, and social justice in the United States. Students will read important works of abolitionist thought, will explore the religious origins of the modern penitentiary, and will produce original research that draws on the history of religious approaches to incarceration, abolition, and social justice to comment on contemporary debates over these same issues. Crosslisted: PEAC. Lottery Preference: Religion Majors, PJHR Concentrators

PEAC H244  OUR AMERICAS: IMAGINING THE HEMISPHERE  (1.0 Credit)

Dennis Hogan

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course focuses on theorists of culture and society across the Americas, as well as major genres of nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, considering interventions from Caribbean, Latin American, and North American figures. Reading novels, memoir, travel writing and poetry, we’ll theorize the structures of hemispheric life: how did race and the color line, slavery and the plantation, settler colonialism, labor and migration, travel and transit, and war and imperialism create a shared hemispheric history? Crosslisted: PEAC,COML Pre-requisite(s): One course involving literary analysis.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

PEAC H269  DISASTER: DISCOURSES OF INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION  (1.0 Credit)

Staff

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This class offers students an opportunity to develop a broad vocabulary of international policy 'buzz words', while also honing critical inquiry and discourse analysis skills around international solidarity and the imaginaries of human suffering that underlie moral imperatives to international action. Crosslisted: Anthropology; Peace, justice, and Human Rights Prerequisite(s): PEAC H101, PEAC H201 or instructor's approval

PEAC H295  QUAKERS, WAR, AND SLAVERY, 1646-1877  (1.0 Credit)

David Harrington Watt

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

In the 1640s and 50s, many Quakers believed that Christians should fight in wars; none of them (as far as we know) believed that Christians ought not own slaves. By 1723, most Quakers had renounced war; a good many of them had begun to assert that owning slaves was contrary to the will of God. Students in this course will try to determine how—and also why—Quakers changed their minds about war and slavery. Crosslisted: Independent College Programs; Peace, Justice and Human Rights; Religion Prerequisite(s): First Year Writing

(Offered: Spring 2024)

PEAC H298  IMPACT INVESTING  (1.0 Credit)

Shannon Mudd

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

Impact investing is investing to generate both a financial return and a positive social benefit. It supports firms seeking to address social, environmental and /or governance problems (ESG) in a sustainable way often within market activity. The focus of this course is to not only gain an understanding of the theory and practice of impact investing across its many components, but also to gain practical experience by assessing a particular set of potential impact investments, making formal presentations of findings to an investment committee leading to a recommendation for investment to a partnering foundation. Crosslisted: Economics, Independent College Programs, PJHR Prerequisite(s): ECON 104 or 105 or 106

(Offered: Fall 2023)

PEAC H305  DEBT, JUSTICE, AND SOVEREIGNTY  (1.0 Credit)

Joshua Ramey

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

Global indebtedness has reached astronomical and obscene proportions, and vast numbers of human beings are effectively enslaved to debt. This course examines the history of debt politics and the role of credit and debt in struggles for justice and sovereignty, in both pre-capitalist and capitalist societies. Particular focus will be placed on contemporary debates in the theory of money, and on the ambiguous and fraught relations between money and credit. Special consideration will be given to arguments for debt resistance politics as a strategy of emancipation and democratization in the context of neoliberal ideology, extreme wealth inequality, and environmental destruction, since these forces are arguably both the effects and causes of power relations enabling some to maintain perpetual creditworthiness while most have their futures foreclosed by the requirement that they pay their debts. Crosslisted: no Prerequisite(s): PEAC 101 or PEAC 201 or consent of instructor

(Offered: Fall 2023)

PEAC H309  AGAINST DEATH: OPPOSING CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE  (1.0 Credit)

Lindsay Reckson

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

Advanced inquiry into creative and critical responses to the death penalty in the United States from the 1830s to the 1970s. Our aim is to explore the relationship between art and social protest, and to examine how capital punishment has manifested U.S. histories of race, class, gender, religion, and sexuality. Readings in primary historical materials, literary and cultural analysis, and critical theory. Pre-requisite(s): Freshman writing, plus one 200-level ENG course; or freshman writing plus PEAC101 or PEAC201. Crosslisted: ENGL and PEAC

PEAC H311  LEGAL WAYS OF SEEING: RAC(E)ISM AND THE LAW  (1.0 Credit)

Staff

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This is an interdisciplinary 300-level course for students with an interest in law, legal reasoning, race and racism and the role of visual culture or ‘ways of seeing’, regarding and categorizing in relation to law. The class explores, through a series of weekly ‘files’ loosely compiled around a theme or underlying concern, the racialized distribution of rights, citizenship and personhood in contemporary societies (with a focus on the United States) through law and legal discourse. Pre-requisite(s): PEAC101, or PEAC201, or PEAC269, or ANTH214, or ANTH239 or consent of the instructor.

PEAC H316  WOMEN AND THE ARMED STRUGGLE IN LATIN AMERICA  (1.0 Credit)

Aurelia Gómez De Unamuno

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

An examination of socialist armed struggles in 1970s, women’s rights and feminist movements in Latin America. A comparative study of literary texts, testimonials and documentary films addresses theoretical issues such as Marxism, global feminism, hegemony and feminisms produced in the periphery. This course is conducted in Spanish. Cross-listed: Spanish, Comparative Literature, Gen/Sex, and PJHR Prerequisite(s): One 200-level, preferred 300- level course, or instructor consent

PEAC H317  INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE LAWS OF NATIONS  (1.0 Credit)

Thomas Donahue

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

International law is a system of norms by which states regulate their treatment of each other and of each other’s citizens. But many say that it is nothing more than diplomats making promises they intend to break at the first opportunity. Are they right, or can international law help bring order, peace, and justice to world affairs? This course will help students answer this question by exploring the history, structure, and principles of international law. We focus on its scope, sources, subjects, content, enforcement mechanisms, and authority compared to domestic law. Crosslisted: Political Science; Peace, Justice and Human Rights Prerequisite(s):One course in the social sciences, PJHR, or Philosophy, or instructor consent

PEAC H319  HUMAN RIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA AND PENNSYLVANIA–IN NATIONAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT  (1.0 Credit)

Eric Hartman

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course considers human rights as moral aspirations and as interdependent experiences created through civil law, drawing on student internships with social sector organizations in Philadelphia and throughout the United States, to interrogate the relationship between social issues and policy structures. Prerequisite(s): An internship through the Center for Peace and Global Citizenship. Exceptions may be made for students involved in other forms of sustained community engagement and/or activism.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

PEAC H324  ETHICS OF TEMPORALITY: LAW, TIME, INDIGENEITY, INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE  (1.0 Credit)

Jill Stauffer

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This seminar will pose questions of how law and time intersect, focusing on cases where changing our understanding of time might help law do better, or changing our idea of law might help us understand what is at stake in different stories about time. Prerequisite(s): 200-level PEAC, POLS, or ANTH class, or permission of instructor

PEAC H328  THE FIGHT AGAINST IMPUNITY: THE TURN TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS  (1.0 Credit)

Staff

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course traces the conceptual shift or ‘turn’ towards individual criminal prosecutions for grave violations of human rights and humanitarian principles, the related conceptual shifts (from responsibility to individual accountability or from human rights reporting to evidence collection) and the international, national and regional organizations that are part of this turn. This is an interdisciplinary course offering students an introduction to the field of international criminal justice. Through a series of weekly ‘dossiers’, with readings drawn from a wide range of sources including academic literature, NGO reports, blog posts, Twitter threads and case law, we will explore the emergence of international criminal justice as a distinct field of practice and seek to uncover the underlying assumptions and principles that inform the field. This course will offer an introduction to international criminal law as a legal framework. At the same time, we will work to situate this legal framework within broader, interdisciplinary conversations and current affairs: justice and social repair, humanitarianism, the role of non-state actors and civil society, international development, the influence of technology and social media, etc. Crosslisted: Peace, Justice and Human Rights; Anthropology Prerequisite(s): 200 level course in PJHR, ANTH or POLS, or consent of instructor

PEAC H334  POLITICS OF VIOLENCE  (1.0 Credit)

Anita Isaacs

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This semester the seminar will focus on the causes and manifestations of structural and political violence in the Americas. Topics include the rise of white supremacy in the United States, and escalating political repression, gang violence and organized crime in Mexico and Central America. Cross-listed: Political Science/Peace, Justice and Human Rights

PEAC H395  CAPSTONE IN PEACE, JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS  (1.0 Credit)

Jill Stauffer

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

This capstone course consolidates student experience of a program that integrates scholarship, theory, library and field research, and policy perspectives. It incorporates research assignments, collaboration, a conference presentation and a dossier on student work in the concentration. For PJHR senior concentrators.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

Political Science Courses

POLS H151  INTERNATIONAL POLITICS  (1.0 Credit)

Barak Mendelsohn

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World,

This course offers an introduction to the study of international politics. It considers examples from history and addresses contemporary issues, while introducing and evaluating the political theories that have been used by scholars to explain those events. The principal goal of the course is to develop a general set of analytical approaches that can be used to gain insight into the nature of world politics – past, present and future.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

POLS H151  INTERNATIONAL POLITICS  (1.0 Credit)

Barak Mendelsohn, Staff

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World,

This course offers an introduction to the study of international politics. It considers examples from history and addresses contemporary issues, while introducing and evaluating the political theories that have been used by scholars to explain those events. The principal goal of the course is to develop a general set of analytical approaches that can be used to gain insight into the nature of world politics – past, present and future.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

POLS H205  BORDERS, IMMIGRATION, AND CITIZENSHIP  (1.0 Credit)

Paulina Ochoa Espejo

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

A survey of contemporary theories of citizenship, borders and immigration. We will ask who should be a member of a political community, and whether states have a right to exclude immigrants. The course will draw examples from current events. Prerequisite(s): One Intro Political Science course, or instructor consent

POLS H284  ORGANIZATIONS, MISSIONS, CONSTRAINTS: SOCIAL JUSTICE WORK IN THEORY AND PRACTICE  (1.0 Credit)

Shannan Hayes

Division: Social Science

The course focuses on honing skills of analysis, research, and institutional literacy that are useful to any student seeking to work in a mission-driven organization, internationally or locally. Students conduct semester-long research project on an organization relevant to their interests. Crosslisted: Peace, Justice and Human Rights, Political Science Prerequisite(s): PEAC 101 or PEAC 201 or a POLS course or instructor consent

POLS H289  IMMIGRATION POLITICS AND POLICY  (1.0 Credit)

Anita Isaacs

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

Examines the causes and rights of forced migrants and refugees along with the responses and responsibilities of the international community. Focus on Mexico and Central America. Prerequisite(s): One political science course or instructor consent

POLS H301  DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND TRANSNATIONAL INJUSTICES  (1.0 Credit)

Thomas Donahue

Division: Social Justice; Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

What are the worldwide obstacles to peace and justice? How can we surmount them? This course examines theories of some of the leading obstacles to peace and justice worldwide, and of what global citizens can do about them. The three obstacles we consider are colonialism and its legacies, whether we live in a global racial order, and whether the global economic order harms the poor and does them a kind of violence. The two solutions we will consider are the project of economic and social development, and the practice of human rights. The course aims, first, to give students some of the knowledge they will need to address these problems and be effective global citizens. Second, to understand some of the major forces that shape the present world order. Third and finally, to hone the skills in analysis, theory-building, and arguing that are highly valued in legal and political advocacy, in public life and the professions, and in graduate school. Crosslisted: Independent College Programs, Political Science

(Offered: Fall 2023)

POLS H312  POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN A WORLD OF IDENTITIES  (1.0 Credit)

Thomas Donahue

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

Millions have sacrificed their lives, or been killed, for political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, socialism, populism, or liberationism; millions more have sacrificed or otherwise died for identities, like worker or capitalist, Muslim or Christian, African or European, female or male, trans- or cisgender. Why? What do identities and ideologies offer to people? What are the leading political ideologies’javascript:submitAction_win4(document.win4,'CRSE_CATALOG_DESCRLONG$spellcheck$0'); key concepts and doctrines? What key norms govern attributing the leading identities to self and others? Do some ideologies favor certain identities, or vice versa? We develop tools for judging the merits of any ideology, or any interpretation of an identity. Pre-requisite(s): one course in political science or philosophy

POLS H334  POLITICS OF VIOLENCE  (1.0 Credit)

Anita Isaacs

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This semester the seminar will focus on the causes and manifestations of structural and political violence in the Americas. Topics include the rise of white supremacy in the United States, and escalating political repression, gang violence and organized crime in Mexico and Central America. Cross-listed: Political Science/Peace, Justice and Human Rights

Religion Courses

RELG H228  BREAK EVERY YOKE: INCARCERATION, ABOLITION, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE  (1.0 Credit)

Staff

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

Students in this course will be invited to explore the intersection of religion with issues of mass incarceration, prison abolition, and social justice in the United States. Students will read important works of abolitionist thought, will explore the religious origins of the modern penitentiary, and will produce original research that draws on the history of religious approaches to incarceration, abolition, and social justice to comment on contemporary debates over these same issues. Crosslisted: PEAC. Lottery Preference: Religion Majors, PJHR Concentrators

RELG H230  RELIGION AND BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE  (1.0 Credit)

Terrance Wiley

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course will examine the background for and the key events, figures, philosophies, tactics, and consequences of the modern black freedom struggle in United States. The period from 1955-1965 will receive special attention, but the roots of the freedom struggle and the effect on recent American political, social, and cultural history will also be considered.

(Offered: Fall 2023)

RELG H268  ANARCHISM: RELIGION, ETHICS, POLITICAL OBLIGATION  (1.0 Credit)

Terrance Wiley

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

Anarchism emerged in the nineteenth century as an important transnational sociopolitical philosophy and religious movement. Course participants will analyze anarchism as a political philosophy and as a social movement, from the nineteenth century labor movement to the ongoing global justice movement.

RELG H295  QUAKERS, WAR, AND SLAVERY, 1646-1877  (1.0 Credit)

David Harrington Watt

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

In the 1640s and 50s, many Quakers believed that Christians should fight in wars; none of them (as far as we know) believed that Christians ought not own slaves. By 1723, most Quakers had renounced war; a good many of them had begun to assert that owning slaves was contrary to the will of God. Students in this course will try to determine how—and also why—Quakers changed their minds about war and slavery. Crosslisted: Independent College Programs; Peace, Justice and Human Rights; Religion Prerequisite(s): First Year Writing

(Offered: Spring 2024)

RELG H315  RELIGIOUS ORGANIZING FOR RACIAL JUSTICE  (1.0 Credit)

Molly Farneth

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): B: Analysis of the Social World

This course considers the role of multireligious organizations, coalitions, and movements in the struggle for racial justice in the contemporary U.S. Students will learn about the roles, practices, structures, and strategies that these groups use to build solidarity and exercise power. Through readings and discussions, interactions with local organizers, and hand-on activities, students will consider and engage the aims and challenges of religious organizing for racial justice. Pre-requisite(s): At least 2 previous courses at the 200-level in religion, political science, sociology, and/or anthropology, or permission of the instructor. Lottery Preference: Senior religion majors/minors, junior religion majors/minors, other seniors, other juniors, then open to all

Russian Courses

RUSS B237  CRIME OR PUNISHMENT: RUSSIAN NARRATIVES OF INCARCERATION  (1.0 Credit)

Jose Vergara

This course explores Russian narratives of incarceration, punishment, and captivity from the 17th century to the present day and considers topics such as social justice, violence and its artistic representations, totalitarianism, witness-bearing, and the possibility of transcendence in suffering. Taught in translation.

Spanish Courses

SPAN H316  WOMEN AND THE ARMED STRUGGLE IN LATIN AMERICA  (1.0 Credit)

Aurelia Gómez De Unamuno

Division: Humanities
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts); B: Analysis of the Social World

An examination of socialist armed struggles in 1970s, women’s rights and feminist movements in Latin America. A comparative study of literary texts, testimonials and documentary films addresses theoretical issues such as Marxism, global feminism, hegemony and feminisms produced in the periphery. This course is conducted in Spanish. Cross-listed: Spanish, Comparative Literature, Gen/Sex, and PJHR Prerequisite(s): One 200-level, preferred 300- level course, or instructor consent

SPAN H322  POLITICS OF MEMORY IN LATIN AMERICA  (1.0 Credit)

Aurelia Gómez De Unamuno

Division: Humanities

This course explores the issue of memory, the narration of political violence and the tension between truth and fiction. A selection of documents, visual archives and documentary films are compared with literary genres including testimonies memories, diaries, poetry, and fiction writing. This course also compares the coup and dictatorship of Pinochet with the repression of the student movement of ‘68 and the guerrilla warfare in Mexico. This course is conducted in Spanish. Cross-listed: Spanish, Comparative Literature, PJHR

(Offered: Spring 2024)

Visual Studies Courses

VIST H239  VISIONS OF JUSTICE: INTERSECTIONALITY AND LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ASIAN CINEMA  (1.0 Credit)

Emily Hong

Division: Social Science
Domain(s): A: Meaning, Interpretation (Texts)

This course aims to deepen our understanding of Asian law and society through independent films by Asian directors. We will analyze films that offer a window into individual and collective struggles for gender justice, freedom of expression, and environmental justice. Crosslisted: Visual Studies; Anthropology; East Asian Languages & Cultures; Peace, Justice and Human Rights

(Offered: Spring 2024)

Writing Program Courses

WRPR H112  INTERACTION RITUAL: THE NOVEL AND SOCIOLOGY,GLOBAL SOLIDARITY AND LOCAL ACTIONS: INTERDEPENDENCE, SOCIAL CHANGE, AND HAVERFORD  (1.0 Credit)

Eric Hartman

Division: First Year Writing

In this course, we will read a range of texts devoted to dissecting the interaction in British and American society and culture. These texts explore how the social interaction functions when it goes smoothly—and how it can go wrong. Prerequisite(s): First-year students as assigned by the Director of College Writing. Enrollment Limit: 12,This course embraces global interdependence while considering how individual identities relate to appropriate local civic actions. Participants review ideas and methods relevant for co-creating more just, inclusive, sustainable communities, advancing inquiry in dialogue with community-based partners of Haverford College.

(Offered: Spring 2024)